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PFAS — Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

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Navigating This Website
About ITRC
Fact Sheets
1 Introduction
2 Naming Conventions and Use
2 PFAS Chemistry and Naming Conventions, History and Use of PFAS, and Sources of PFAS Releases to the Environment overview
2.1 Environmental Significance
2.2 Chemistry, Terminology, and Acronyms
2.3 Emerging Health and Environmental Concerns
2.4 PFAS Reductions and Alternative PFAS Formulations
2.5 PFAS Uses
2.6 PFAS Releases to the Environment
3 Firefighting Foams
3 Firefighting Foams Overview
3.1 Foam Formulations
3.2 Mechanisms for Release to the Environment
3.3 AFFF Procurement and Inventory
3.4 Foam Systems and Operations
3.5 Emergency Firefighting Operations
3.6 Immediate Investigative and Cleanup Actions
3.7 Treatment and Disposal
3.8 Firefighting Foam System Replacement
3.9 Federal, State, and International Regulations and Guidance
3.10 Foam Research and Development
4 Physical and Chemical Properties
4 Physical and Chemical Properties Overview
4.1 Challenges and Limitations Related to PFAS Physical and Chemical Properties
4.2 Physical Properties
4.3 Chemical Properties
5 Fate and Transport
5 Environmental Fate and Transport Processes Overview
5.1 Fate and Transport Introduction
5.2 Phase Partitioning
5.3 Media-Specific Migration Processes
5.4 Transformations
5.5 PFAS Uptake into Aquatic Organisms
5.6 PFAS Uptake into Plants
6 Occurrence
6 Media-Specific Occurrence Overview
6.1 Air
6.2 Soil and Sediment
6.3 Groundwater
6.4 Surface Water
6.5 Biota
7 Health Effects
7 Human and Ecological Health Effects of select PFAS Overview
7.1 Human Health Effects
7.2 Ecological Toxicology
8 Basis of Regulations
8 Basis of Regulations Overview
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Regulatory Programs
8.3 Differences in the Available Regulations, Advisories, and Guidance Regulatory
9 Site Risk Assessment
9 Site Risk Assessment Overview
9.1 Human Health
9.2 Ecological Risk Assessment
9.3 Uncertainty
10 Site Characterization
10 Site Characterization Overview
10.1 Site Characterization Issues Relevant to PFAS
10.2 Initial Steps
10.3 Site Investigation
10.4 Data Analysis and Interpretation
10.5 Source Identification
11 Sampling and Analysis
11 Sampling and Analytical Methods Overview
11.1 Sampling
11.2 Analytical Methods/Techniques
11.3 Data Evaluation
12 Treatment Technologies
12 Treatment Technologies Overview
12.1 Overview
12.2 Field-Implemented Liquids Treatment Technologies
12.3 Field-Implemented Solids Treatment Technologies
12.4 Incineration
12.5 Limited Application and Developing Liquids Treatment Technologies
12.6 Limited Application and Developing Solids Treatment Technologies
12.7 Integrated Remedial Solutions
12.8 Sustainability of PFAS Treatment
12.9 Improving Evaluation of PFAS Treatment Technologies
13 Stakeholder Perspectives
13 Stakeholder Perspectives Overview
13.1 Stakeholder Concerns
13.2 Specific Tribal Stakeholder Concerns
13.3 Stakeholder Resources
14 Risk Communication
14 Risk Communication Overview
14.1 Role of Risk Perception: Public Stakeholders and Decision Makers
14.2 Risk Communication Challenges
14.3 Risk Communication Planning and Engagement Tools
15 Case Studies
15 Case Studies Overview
15.1 Site Characterization Case Studies
15.2 Treatment Case Studies
15.3 Risk Assessment Case Study
15.4 Risk Communication Case Studies
Additional Information
16 References
17 Additional Information
17 Additional Information Overview
17.1 Additional Information for Media-Specific Occurrence
17.2 Additional Information for Human Health Effects
17.3 Additional Information for Risk Assessment
Acronyms
Glossary
Acknowledgments
Team Contacts
Document Feedback

 

PFAS — Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
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References

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Barton, C. A., M. A. Kaiser, and M. H. Russell. 2010. ” A site-specific screening comparison of modeled and monitored air dispersion and deposition for perfluorooctanoate.” Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 60.

Barton, Catherine A., Miguel A. Botelho, and Mary A. Kaiser. 2008. “Solid Vapor Pressure and Enthalpy of Sublimation for Perfluorooctanoic Acid.” Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 53 (4):939-941. doi: 10.1021/je700593d.

Barton, Catherine A., Miguel A. Botelho, and Mary A. Kaiser. 2009. “Solid Vapor Pressure and Enthalpy of Sublimation for Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate.” Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 54 (3):752-755. doi: 10.1021/je800418m.

Barzen-Hanson, K. A., S. E. Davis, M. Kieber, and J. A. Field. 2017. “Sorption of Fluorotelomer Sulfonates, Fluorotelomer Sulfonamido Betaines, and a Fluorotelomer 11065 Sulfonamido Amine in National Foam Aqueous Film-Forming Foam to Soil.” Environmental Science and Technology 51.

Barzen-Hanson, Krista A., Simon C. Roberts, Sarah Choyke, Karl Oetjen, Alan McAlees, Nicole Riddell, Robert McCrindle, P. Lee Ferguson, Christopher P. Higgins, and Jennifer A. Field. 2017. “Discovery of 40 Classes of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Historical Aqueous Film-Forming Foams (AFFFs) and AFFF-Impacted Groundwater.” Environmental Science & Technology 51 (4):2047-2057. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05843.

Baudequin, Clément, Estelle Couallier, Mohammed Rakib, Isabelle Deguerry, Romain Severac, and Martial Pabon. 2011. “Purification of firefighting water containing a fluorinated surfactant by reverse osmosis coupled to electrocoagulation–filtration.” Separation and Purification Technology 76 (3):275-282. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2010.10.016.

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Bečanová, Jitka, Lisa Melymuk, Šimon Vojta, Klára Komprdová, and Jana Klánová. 2016. “Screening for perfluoroalkyl acids in consumer products, building materials and wastes.” Chemosphere 164:322-329. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.112.

Becker, Anna Maria, Silke Gerstmann, and Hartmut Frank. 2008. “Perfluorooctane surfactants in waste waters, the major source of river pollution.” Chemosphere 72 (1):115-121. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.01.009.

Becker, Anna Maria, Silke Gerstmann, and Hartmut Frank. 2010. “Perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate in two fish species collected from the Roter Main River, Bayreuth, Germany.” Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 84 (1):132.

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Updated September 2020.

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